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Arthropods as parasites and vectors

Human Parasites

· Endoparasite

o Protozoa : Single cell animals

o Helminth : worms

· Ektoparasite

o Arthropoda : Invertebrata with body segment

Characters of ectoparasites

• Segmented body

• Exoscleton

• Obligate or temporer parasitism on host’s body surface

Ectoparasite

• Live/develop/procuring food on host

• Only procuring food on host

• Enter the skin and invasion to the host tissue

• Mechanically / biologically transmits infectious agents

• Poisonous stinging or biting

• Annoyance

Why they are a parasite

• Directly parasitic on man

• Causes physical Injurious (bite, sting)

• Poisonous

• As a biological vector for parasitic agents

• As a mecanical vector for parasitic agents

Arthropods as vector

• Mosquitos

Anopheles: Malaria (Plasmodium)

Aedes: DHF (Dengue virus)

Mansonia: Elephant foot (W. bancrofti & B. malayi)

Culex: japanese encephalitis (virus)

• House fly (Musca domestica), cockroach (Blatta orientalis): Thypoid (bakteri), Diare (bacteria & protozoan)

• Sand fly Phlebotomus spp. : Kala azar, oriental sore (Leishmania spp.)

• Black fly Simulium spp.: Nematod O. volvulus

• Biting midge Culicoides spp.: Nematod A. perstans, M. ozardi

• Horse fly Tabanidae: Leshmaniasis and Loa-loa

• Tsetse fly (Glossina spp.): Sleeping sickness (T. gambiense)

• Fly larvae: myasis

• Triatoma spp.: Chaga’s disease (Trypanosoma cruzi)

• Copepods (Cyclops & Diaptomus): Tape worm D. latum and Nematoda D. medinenensis, G. spinigerum

• Kutu hewan (flea): Tape worm H. diminuta

• Crab, crayfish, lobster: Fluke P. westermani

Arthropods as parasites

• Mosquitoes (Anopheles, Aedes, Mansonia, Culex)

• Black flies (Simulium spp)

• Sandflies (Plebothomus, Lutzomyia)

• Louses (Pediculus humanus spp, Phtirus pubis)

• Flea (Ctenocephalides felis, C. canis, nosopsyllus fasciatus, pulex iritans,xenophilla ceopsis)

• Sarcoptes scabei

Annoyance Arthropods

• Cimex lectularis (kutu busuk)

• Pediculus humanus (kutu badan)

• Pediculus capitis (kutu kepala)

• Phtiarisis pubis (kutu pubis)

• Ant (semut)

• Fly (Musca sp.)

• Wasp (rayap)

Poisonous Arthropods

• Bee

• Centipede

• Caterpilar

• Millipede

• Scorpion

• Spider

Classification

– INSECTA (serangga)

– ARACHNIDA (Laba-laba & Kalajengking)

– CRUSTACEA (Cyclops, Kepiting & Udang)

– MYRIAPODA (Lipan & Kaki seribu)

– ONYCHOPORA (Not injurious to human)

Class Myriapoda

• Terresterial animals

• Segmented and elongated body

• A pair of legs on each segment

• 2 Order:

– Ordo Diplopoda: Millipedes (Kaki seribu, Fontaria sp.) host of Hymenolepis diminuta

– Ordo Chilopoda: Centipedes (Lipan) are poisonous (Scolopendra sp.)

	Centiped i

Class Crustacea

• Aquatic animals

• Head + Thoracic segments àCephalothorac

• 2 Orders:

– Copepoda (microscopic): Cyclops & Diaptomus (host of D. latum, D. medinensis, G. spinigerum)

–

Ciclop i

Ciclop ii

Decapoda (macroscopic / 5 pair legs): Shrimps, lobster, crabs, crayfish are intermediate host of Paragonimus westermani

Class Arachnida

• Terrestrial animals

• Some poisonous and painful biting

• Vector of viral diseases

• 4 order:

– Scorpionida (Kalajengking, Buthus sp.)--beracun

– Aranea (Laba-laba beracun, Lactrodectus sp.)--beracun

– Ixodoidea (Tick=sengkenit, Ixodes sp.)-- paralisis motorik

–

Figure 1

Scorpionida i

Sarcoptoidea i

Scorpionida ii

Sarcoptoidea (Tungau: Tanah, debu, kudis Sarcoptes scabei)-- asthma (alergi), kudis

					Aranea i

Class Insecta (Serangga)

• Body: Head, thorax, abdomen

• 3 pair of legs on thorax

• Important order:

– Diptera (Lalat & Nyamuk)

– Siphonaptera (kutu binatang)

– Anoplura (Kutu manusia =Pediculidae)

– Hemiptera (Kutu busuk)

– Orthoptera (Kecoa)

– Lepidoptera (Gol. Kupu-kupu & Moth)

– Coleoptera (Gol. Kumbang)

– Hymenoptera (Gol. Lebah & Rayap)

Diptera

• Head, Thorax, Abdomen

• 2 pair of wings (fungsional + halter)

• Three pairs of leg

	Diptera i

Medical important member:

• Culicidae (Mosquitoes, Nyamuk)

• Simulidae (Simulium, blackfly)

• Psychodidae (Phlebotomus, sandfly)

• Ceratopogonidae (Culicoides, Gnats, Biting midge)

• Tabanidae (Tabanus, lalat kerbau)

• Muscidae (Musca sp, Glossina sp., Lalat rumah & lalat tsetse)

Mosquitoes

• Long proboscis

• Specific wing venation

• Male do not suck blood

• Female mostly need blood meal for egg, except autogenous female, such as Toxorhynchites spp.

Schematic Mosquito 1

Schematic Mosquito

Classification of mosquitoes

Culicidae (mosquito)

	Anopheles	Aedes	Culex	Mansonia
Disease	Malaria	DHF, Chikunguya	Japanese encephalitis	Filariasis (elephantiasis)
Agent	Plasmodium spp.	Dengue virus, Chikunguya virus	JE virus	W. Bancrofti B. malayi
Resting position	Make angle to wall	Paralel to wall	Paralel to wall	Paralel to wall
Palpi: Male Female	Long, tip enlarge Long	Long as proboscis Short	Longer than proboscis Short	Long as proboscis
Larva	No siphon Paralel to surface	Short, tick siphon Angle to surface	Long, slender siphon Angle to surface	Short, piercing type On water plan
Pupa	Short trumpet Water surface	Medium trumpet Water surface	Long trumpet Water surface	Piercing trumpet On water plan
Egg arrangement	Water surface Soliter	Container wall Soliter	Water surface Raft	On water plan Rosette

Simulidae (Black flies)

• Only 3 genera in the world, only one genus in Southeast Asia: Simulium spp.

• Small stout bodied, humped back, short legs, conspicuous eyes (holoptic in male and dichoptic in females)

• Lay eggs at / just below water level in a non pollutant running water (stream, water falls, river)

• Vectors of Onchocerca spp. in man and animal

Adults, egg, larva & pupa of Simulium sp.

				Simulium sp. i
	Simulium sp. ii

Psychodidae (Sand-flies)

• The blood sucking member is Phlebotomus sp.

• Breeding sites are never aquatiq

• Lay eggs on moist and dark crack & crevices (shady side at the base of a building)

• Small size adults and can pass mosquito net

• Mouthparts like in mosquitoes but shorter

• Cause diseases: Sand-fly fever (virus), Bartonellosis (bacteria: Bartonella bacilliformis), Leishmaniasis (parasites: Leishmania spp.)

Adults, egg, larva & pupa of Plebotomus sp.

	Plebotomus sp. i

Ceratopogonidae (Gnats, Biting Midges)

• Only Culicoides sp. is medically important

• Smal dark flies, long 15-jointed pilose antena in both males and females

• Spotted wings

• Lay a single row of eggs in water (crab holes, tree holes, decaying vegetation, aquatic plants, etc.)

• Vector of filarial worms: Achantocheilonema perstans and Mansonella ozzardi

Adult and larva Culicoides sp.

	Culicoides sp. i

Chironomidae

	Chironomidae i Mosquito-like insect,Non biting Diptera ,Adult, larval and pupal stages almost similar to those of mosquitoes

Tabanus spp. i

Tabanus spp.

	Tabanus spp. ii

Musca domestica

	Musca domestica i

Glossina sp. (Tsetse fly)

	Glossina sp. i

Importance of tsetse fly:

• Vectors of African Sleeping Sickness (Trypanosomiasis)

• Parasites: Tr. gambiense, Tr. rhodesiense

Siphonaptera(flea, pinjal)

	Host	Disease	Vector of	Comb : Prothoracix (sisir) Genal (gigi)	Thickening line (penebalan) on mesopleuron
Pulex irritans	Human	Pes (Sampar) Helminthiasis	D. caninum	No No	No
Xenopsylla cheopsis	Rat	Pes (Sampar) Helminthiasis	H. diminuta	No No	Yes
Nosopsyllus fasciatus	Rat, rodent	Pes (Sampar) Helminthiasis	H. diminuta	No Genal comb +	Yes
Ctenocephalides felis	Cat	Helminthiasis	D. caninum	Prothoracic comb + Genal comb + (gigi I & II sama)	Yes
Ctenocephalides canis	Dog	Helminthiasis	D. Caninum H. nana	Prothoracic comb + Genal comb + (gigi I & II tdk sama)	Yes

Anoplura
(Kutu Manusia, Louse=Lice) Thorax + Abdomen fused --- thoracoabdominal

	Pediculus humanus capitis	Pediculus humanus corporis	Phtirus pubis
Synonyms	Head louse	Body louse	Crab louse
Site	Head	Body	Pubis
Body	Large Ovale & plat dorsoventral	Medium Ovale & plat dorsoventral	Small Crab-like

Hemiptera (Kutu busuk, Bugs)

	Cimex lectularis (Bed bug)	Reduvius personatus (Kissing bug)	Triatoma infestans	Rhodnius prolixus
Disease	No	Chagas’ disease	Chagas’ disease	Chagas’ disease
Vector of		Trypanosoma cruzi	Trypanosoma cruzi	Trypanosoma cruzi
Biting	Pruritus urticaria	No pain, but Swelling	No pain, but Swelling	Painful and swelling
Wing	No	Present	Present	Present